Tariffs da Tasirinsu Kan Farashin Kayayyaki, Yadda Suke Daurewa, da kuma Fatanmu Kan Farashin Kayayyaki: Binciken Bankin Tarayya na Amurka
A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2025, Bankin Tarayya na Amurka (Federal Reserve) ya wallafa wani jawabi mai suna “The Effects of Tariffs on the Three I’s: Inflation, Inflation Persistence, and Inflation Expectations” wanda Babban Kwamishinan Bankin, Mista Christopher Waller, ya gabatar. Jawabin ya yi zurfin bincike kan yadda sanya haraji (tariffs) kan kayayyaki daga wasu kasashe zai iya shafar farashin kayayyaki a Amurka, yadda tsadar za ta daure da kuma yadda jama’a da kasuwanni ke sa ran farashin zai yi.
Menene Haraji (Tariffs)?
A sauƙaƙƙen harshe, haraji (tariff) wani nau’in harajin da gwamnati ke sanyawa akan kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga kasashen waje. Manufar sanya haraji na iya zama ta hanyoyi da dama, kamar:
- Karfafa Masana’antu na Cikin Gida: Ta hanyar sanya haraji kan kayayyakin waje, ana sa ran kayayyakin da aka yi a Amurka za su yi arha ko kuma su zama masu gasa, hakan zai taimaka wa masana’antun cikin gida su bunkasa.
- Samar da Kudaden Shiga: Harajin da aka sanya akan kayayyakin shigo da kaya na iya zama wata hanya ga gwamnati ta samu kudaden shiga.
- Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki: Wani lokacin, ana amfani da haraji a matsayin kayan aiki na siyasa ko tattalin arziki don yi wa wasu kasashe tsawa ko kuma a matsayin martani ga wani mataki na tattalin arziki.
Tasirin Haraji Kan Farashin Kayayyaki (Inflation):
Jawabin Mista Waller ya yi tsokaci sosai kan yadda haraji ke iya haifar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a cikin kasar da ta sanya harajin. Yaya hakan ke faruwa?
- Tsada ga Masu Amfani: Lokacin da aka sanya haraji kan kayayyakin da ake shigo da su, kamfanoni na cikin gida da suka dogara da waɗannan kayayyakin sai su kara farashin. Hakan kuma na iya sa kamfanonin da ke kera irin waɗannan kayayyakin a cikin gida su ma su kara farashin kayayyakinsu, saboda ba sa jin wata barazanar gasa daga waje. A ƙarshe, wannan tsadar tana fada wa al’umma masu sayen kayayyakin.
- Tsadar Kayayyakin da Aka Sarrafa: Hatta idan wani abu ba a shigo da shi ba kai tsaye, amma aka yi amfani da kayayyakin da aka shigo da su da haraji wajen sarrafa shi, to duk wata tsadar da aka samu a farkon samarwa tana iya yaduwa har zuwa samfurin karshe.
Yadda Tsadar Ke Daurewa (Inflation Persistence):
Wani muhimmin batu da Mista Waller ya yi magana a kai shine yadda haraji zai iya sa tsadar farashin ta daurewa ko ta ci gaba na tsawon lokaci.
- Damuwa Ga Shirye-shiryen Kasuwanci: Lokacin da kasuwanni suka sanya haraji, hakan na iya sa kamfanoni su yi watsi da dogon lokaci na tsare-tsaren samarwa da sayarwa. Zai yi wuya kamfanoni su iya yin hasashen farashin kayayyakin da za su samu na dogon lokaci, wanda hakan ke haifar da rashin tabbas.
- Tsadar Daurewa: Duk lokacin da aka samu tsadar da ke daurewa, yana da wahala a dawo da farashin zuwa matakin da ya kamata. Hakan na iya sanya tattalin arziki ya sha fama na lokaci mai tsawo.
Fatanmu Kan Farashin Kayayyaki (Inflation Expectations):
Wani abu mafi muhimmanci da ke tasiri ga tattalin arziki shine yadda mutane da kasuwanni ke sa ran farashin zai kasance. Mista Waller ya yi nuni da cewa haraji na iya tasiri ga waɗannan fatan.
- Kasancewar Fata: Idan jama’a suka yi ta cewa farashin zai ci gaba da hauhawa saboda harajin, to zai iya kasancewa haka. Kasuwanci zasu iya yanke shawara su kara farashin a yau don kare kansu daga tsadar da suke tsammani gobe. Ma’aikata na iya neman karin albashi don su iya rayuwa da tsadar da suke gani. Duk wannan yana kara hauhawar farashin.
- Cutar Fata: Bankunan Tarayya da sauran cibiyoyin gwamnati suna kokarin ganin cewa fatan tsadar farashin ya kasance a wurin da ya dace. Amma idan haraji ya sanya mutane su yi tunanin cewa tsadar za ta yi yawa kuma ta daure, sai ya zama wani babban kalubale ga kokarin kwantar da farashin.
Rokon Jawabin Mista Waller:
Babban sakon jawabin Mista Waller shine cewa, duk da cewa gwamnati na iya yi wa haraji da wasu manufofi da nufin karfafa tattalin arziki na cikin gida, dole ne a yi la’akari da tasirin da hakan ke yi akan farashin kayayyaki da kuma yanayin tattalin arziki gaba daya. Haraji na iya zama kayan aiki mai tasiri amma kuma yana da haɗari, musamman wajen kawo hauhawar farashin da ke daurewa da kuma shafar fatan jama’a game da yanayin tattalin arziki. Bankin Tarayya na Amurka zai ci gaba da sa ido sosai kan irin wadannan manufofi da tasirinsu ga yanayin tattalin arziki da kuma yanke shawara mai dacewa don ganin an samu daidaito da kwanciyar hankali.
AI ta ba da labarin.
An yi amfani da tambaya mai zuwa don samun amsa daga Google Gemini:
FRB ya buga ‘Waller, The Effects of Tariffs on the Three I’s: Inflation, Inflation Persistence, and Inflation Expectations’ a 2025-06-02 00:00. Da fatan za a rubuta cikakken labari game da wannan labarin, gami da bayanan da suka dace, a cikin sautin kirki da mai sauƙin fahimta. Da fatan za a amsa da labarin Hausa kawai.