Wannan rubutun yana ba da cikakken bayani game da littafin bayanai na Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Amurka (Federal Reserve), wanda aka bayar a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2025, ta hanyar Michael S. Barr.
Babban Manufa:
Babban manufar littafin bayanai na Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Amurka (Fed) ita ce tallafa wa manufofin kudi na babban manufa na Fed: samar da cikakkar aikin yi, da kwanciyar hankali ga farashin kaya da kuma samar da tsarin tsarin kuɗi. Littafin bayanai ba kayan aiki ne na kai-tsaye wajen sarrafa tattalin arziki, amma yana da tasiri mai yawa a kan yanayin kuɗi da kuma yanayin kasuwar kuɗi.
Menene Littafin Bayanai na Fed?
Littafin bayanai na Fed yana nuna dukiyar da dukiyoyin sa. A takaice dai, ya hada da:
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Dukiyar:
- Kayayyakin Gwamnati (Treasury Securities): Waɗannan su ne lamuni da gwamnatin Amurka ke bayarwa, kuma Fed tana saya da kuma sayar da su don tasiri ga matsakaicin lokaci da kuma tsawon lokacin kuɗin da ke gudana a cikin tattalin arziki.
- Lamunin da aka yi wa garantin gidaje (Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities – MBS): Waɗannan su ne lamuni da aka tattara daga kadarorin gidaje na gidaje kuma gwamnati ta yi musu garantin. Fed tana saya da kuma sayar da su don tasiri ga kasuwar gidaje da kuma tsawon lokacin kuɗin da ke gudana.
- Lamunin da sauran cibiyoyin lamuni suka bayar (Loans to Financial Institutions): Fed tana ba da lamuni ga bankuna da sauran cibiyoyin lamuni ta hanyar abin da ake kira “discount window” don taimakawa wajen samar da ruwan kuɗi ga tsarin kuɗi.
- Sauran Dukiyar: Sun hada da hannun jari a wasu cibiyoyin kuma dukiyar da aka samu ta hanyar shirye-shirye na musamman.
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Bashi:
- Kudin da aka fitar (Currency in Circulation): Waɗannan su ne kuɗin da jama’a da kuma kasuwancin ke amfani da su, wanda Fed ke fitarwa.
- Ajiyar Banki (Reserve Balances of Depository Institutions): Waɗannan su ne kuɗin da bankuna ke ajiyawa a wurin Fed, ko dai ta wajibi ko kuma na son rai. Wannan yana da tasiri ga yadda bankuna ke ba da lamuni.
- Sauran Bashi: Sun hada da kuɗin da gwamnatin Amurka ke ajiyawa a wurin Fed da kuma wasu nau’ikan bashi.
Yadda Littafin Bayanai ke Aiki:
- Bada Kuɗi (Expansionary Policy): Lokacin da Fed ke son rage tsawon lokacin kuɗin ko kuma ta samar da ƙarin kuɗi a cikin tattalin arziki (wannan yawanci ana yi ne don ƙarfafa ci gaban tattalin arziki), tana sayan dukiyar, musamman kayayyakin gwamnati da MBS. Wannan yana kara yawan kuɗin da ke wurin bankuna da kuma rage tsawon lokacin kuɗi, wanda ke sa lamuni ya fi arha da kuma motsa kashe kuɗi da saka hannun jari.
- Rage Kuɗi (Contractionary Policy): Lokacin da Fed ke son kara tsawon lokacin kuɗin ko kuma ta rage yawan kuɗin da ke gudana a cikin tattalin arziki (wannan yawanci ana yi ne don kula da hauhawar farashin kaya), tana sayar da dukiyar da ke hannun ta ko kuma ta bari ta kare lokacin da za a karɓa. Wannan yana rage yawan kuɗin da ke wurin bankuna kuma yana iya kara tsawon lokacin kuɗi, wanda ke sa lamuni ya fi tsada.
Sauye-sauye na Musamman a cikin Littafin Bayanai:
Rubutun ya kuma bayyana sauye-sauyen da suka faru a cikin littafin bayanai a lokuta daban-daban, kamar:
- Shirin Ceto na Kudi (Quantitative Easing – QE): A lokutan da tattalin arziki ya fuskanci matsaloli, kamar lokacin cutar COVID-19, Fed ta yi amfani da QE ta hanyar sayen kayayyakin gwamnati da MBS a cikin adadi mai yawa don rage tsawon lokacin kuɗin da kuma tallafa wa kasuwannin kuɗi.
- Bakin Farko na Littafin Bayanai (Balance Sheet Normalization): Lokacin da tattalin arziki ke samun kwanciyar hankali, Fed na iya rage girman littafin bayanai ta hanyar barin dukiyar da ke hannun ta ta kare ba tare da maye gurbinta ba.
Manufar Bayanai da Tasiri:
Fed tana bayar da bayanai game da littafin bayanai da kuma manufofin ta ne don tabbatar da gaskiya da kuma taimakawa kasuwannin kuɗi su fahimci abin da ke faruwa. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen rage rashin tabbas da kuma tabbatar da cewa manufofin Fed suna da tasiri kamar yadda ya kamata.
A ƙarshe, rubutun ya nanata cewa littafin bayanai na Fed kayan aiki ne mai matukar muhimmanci wajen aiwatar da manufofin kudi. Ta hanyar sarrafa adadin dukiyar da ke hannun ta da kuma nau’ikan dukiyar da ke hannun ta, Fed na iya tasiri kan yanayin kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen cimma manufofinta na samar da cikakkar aikin yi da kuma kwanciyar hankali ga farashin kaya.
Waller, Demystifying the Federal Reserve’s Balance Sheet
AI ta bayar da labari.
An yi amfani da tambayar mai zuwa don samar da amsa daga Google Gemini:
‘Waller, Demystifying the Federal Reserve’s Balance Sheet’ an rubuta ta www.federalreserve.gov a 2025-07-10 17:15. Da fatan za a rubuta cikakken bayani mai laushi. Da fatan za a amsa a cikin Hausa tare da labarin kawai.